My World these days.

Update of my Activities

It has been sometime since I have done an overview of all the things I have been doing, many of them with teachers, family and Friend, so I have decided to add a note on my blog about my activities during this past last year.

Catching alligators in Florida

 

Work

At the present moment I have been working at Education Connection in two programs: Project Periphyton  funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adm8inistration (NOAA) and Project CLEAR funded by the Connecticut Department Of Education under an Inter-district Grant.

In Project Periphyton we have been working with 12 teachers from WAMOGO (Waren,  Morris and Goshen) High School, Plymouth High School, The Sound School (New Haven), Danbury High School, Newtown High School, New Fairfield High School and Crosby High School. Teachers and students collect Diatoms from rocks to use them as biological indicators to asses water quality.

Teacher workshop this summer

 

Project CLEAR have been running for more than 10 years and I have been involved from the start. The objective of the project is to have five high school districts (Danbury, New Milford, New Fairfield, Brookfield and Bethel) involved in collecting data for the Candlewood Lake Authority. Students and their teachers collect macroinvertebrates, core samples (mud), plankton, periphyton, fish, aquatic Invasive plants, water samples, stream macroinvertebrates and forestry data. The data collected is provided to a number of institutions and researchers including the University of Connecticut, The Agricultural Experimental Station, The Candlewood Lake Authority, Western State University and many more.

Processional Collections

For more than 20 years I have been doing an inventory of fresh water crustaceans in the state of Connecticut. At the moment I have collected thousands of specimens that are located at the University of Connecticut at their Ecology and Evolutionary Biology collections department where I curate all the fresh water crustaceans. At the end of this fall I will be adding 300+ new crayfish that were collected by the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection fisheries division.  In addition I am collecting more amphipods from several lakes in the state that will be added to the collection. I have detected several patterns compering species and locations and two amphipod species will help me reiterate topographic changes that have occurred since the last ice age. Rivers such as the Farmington and the Quinnipiac, which years ago were the same river happen to have amphipod species that appear nowhere else in Connecticut.

One Amphipod or Two?

 

Amateur Collections

I have always have had an interest in Botany and Paleontology, so I keep a small collation that grows all the time of plants and fossils.

My botany collection comes from this state and I only gather plants that are in flower. At the moment I have collected more than 1000 specimens that are kept in order and as herbarium mounts. I plan to donate the collection to a university in the future.

My fossil collection is becoming quiet extensive as I have now more than 500 specimens. I buy most of my specimens at fossil shows (I like to have fossils from all over the world) but I also have done some collecting when I have the time and the opportunity. I try to specialize on Invertebrates but I have some other fossils too.

Research Projects

Now and for some time I have been working on two projects:  The Biological Shoreline Development at Candlewood Lake looking at the Macroinvertebrate population and organic deposition from core samples. Candlewood Lake is subject to annual drawdown to diminish the growth of aquatic invasive plants. The objective of my research is to study the consequences of such activity to the lake shoreline.

In addition I have also been now for five years studying the effects of climate change in the same lake by looking at winter temperatures and lake ice formation.  I, with the help of the Lake Authority, have been collecting data using electronic probes set at several sites, under the water and on the air around the lake in early October and collecting them in late March. I collected temperature and light information every 3 hours for several months. Data shows that the lap of time when the lake is completely covered with ice is shorter these days.

Candlewood Lake Temperature Probe

 

The Prospect Conservation Commission

For the past few years I have been involved with the Prospect Conservation Commission for which I am now the chair person. During the past two years we have finished the “Open Space Plan”, and started to complete evaluation of Wetlands in town and inventories of the vernal pools. In addition we are always busy keeping with all the development that we have in town.

Writings

Ten years ago I published a small book called Fresh Water Crustaceans of Connecticut. I printed the book and sold about 1500 copies and now I have been working on a bigger and better edition of the book including specimens and information from the entire North East. The new book will be called Fresh Water Crustaceans of the North East of United States. The book is half done and at the present time I am working with the Clodoceran group. These are small little organisms that resemble mollusk but are not and are found in lakes, rivers and ephemeral water bodies. I hope to have the book finish and for editing and review in one year.

Reading

I should not skip the fact that I love to read books, science, history and literature and at the present time I just finished reading “The Historical Atlas of the Celtic World” by Dr. Ian Barnes and I just started reading “The Shadow of the Wind” by Carlos Ruiz Zafon. I recommend this book to those that love stories from other countries.

Traveling

I have done some traveling this past year. My wife and I with some friends visited Ireland about two months ago, for 15 days. Ireland is a beautiful country full of pride and history. I specially loved visiting the Neolithic Sites, some of them older that the pyramids of Egypt. I also had a chance to collect additional fossils there. Italy will be our next European trip.

The Cliffs of Moher, Irealnd

 

Photography

I inherited the passion for photography from my father, who loved to take pictures and collect cameras. I take my camera everywhere I go and give my best work to my friend and family so that they can remember me when they look at their walls. At the end of the summer I will be taking my two 4X5 with a friend to some areas in the shore and do some experimenting with this large format. Large format is much more art and photography than digital equipment.

Family, Friend and my two dogs

I will be lying if I skip my time spend with my wife visiting art museums, my ten gran children and my two great-grand -children visiting  natural history museums,  dinosaurs, the fossil shows, the shore or visiting NY and having them at home too. Love taking my two dogs for a walk and last Love checking out restaurants, microbreweries and festivals for good food, wine, beer and music or having people at home for a good time.

Renoir and the dancers a the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston

 

So this is a short synopsis of my adventures. Please email me if you have questions about these activities and I will try to help you as best as I can.

 

 

 

 

Wineberry anyone

Here in Connecticut, Wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius) creeps up in your yard at any time! This invasive species provides a berry to our wildlife and to us. Two years ago I had one plant in my home. This year I have at least ten. I did not plant them but I believe that the birds did. I let it grow because I wanted to see the flowers and the fruits. Maybe it was a bad idea. Here are some pictures to help you recognize the plant. Good luck!

Spending one Afternoon with the Hummingbirds

Everyone knows how difficult is to photograph a humming bird. They are fast and very unpredictable. So I went the Audubon Center is South Britain, CT, a great location. Inside their balcony on their barn they have several Hummingbird feeders. I setup my camera on a tripod facing the feeders and waited for them to come to me. There was some activity, not much, and many of my shots were throwaways but I got some results. I started by setting my shutter two steps down to make up for the light and used 400 ISO to increase the speed. That did not make much of a difference as these birds are super-fast.

Here is Connecticut we have the Rudy-throated Hummingbird. It migrates to Mexico and south of the border every winter but what is most amazing is that they migrate back at night and cross the Gulf in one flight thanks to an increase of fat and weight that happens just 10 days before migration.

Thanks to digital photography, it makes no difference how many pictures you take. Delete is always available and it does not coast a dime. So take one afternoon and visit a predictable location and start taking pictures.

IRELAND's Past

Early Mankind History from Ireland

Three words from IRELAND’s past: Paleolithic (before 10.000 years ago), Mesolithic (Between 10.000 and 5.000 years ago) and Neolithic (Between 5.000 to 2.000 years ago). What do they mean and how do they relate to us.

Not long ago, I was having a conversation over some nice local beers about my most recent travels to Ireland, and my friends became interested in my experiences visiting some of the Mesolithic and Neolithic sites in Ireland and then our conversation turned into some recent research done regarding our past ancestry with three other hominid species; Neanderthals from Europe, Homo florensiensis from the Island of Flores in Indonesia and most recently the Denisovas from a cave located in Russia.   Did we mix? According to the most recent research, yes we did. Read Scientific American article “Human Hybrids” published on May 2013 and also National Geographic Magazine article “The Case of the Missing Ancestor” published in July 2013.

There has been little found in Ireland from their Paleolithic past. There are some tools found in the island that may possibly date that long ago. Most Paleolithic remain were wiped out by the recent glacial events and by long ago geologic changes.

 

Paleolithic artifacts found in Ireland found today at the Dublin Museum of Archeology.

But at the same time remains from the Mesolithic and Neolithic past is well represented and worthwhile visiting.

In my recent visit to Ireland we visited three important and amazing sites, Carrowmore in Sligo, Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth in County Meath and Queen Meave’s cairn on top of Knockmarea Mountain. Most of these sites date to the Megalithic and early Neolithic era some 2.000 years before the Pyramids in Egypt.

Entrance to Newgrange Neolithic burial site.

Walking to the top of Knockmarea Mountain to see Queen Meave’s Cairn.

Megalithic Tomb inside Carrowmore.

Carrowmore’s Cairn.

It is hard to think that these people, so long ago were able to carry these heavy stones from far away sites and construct such amazing burial monuments. These very early people were able to work the land and have rudimentary agriculture, raise animals, work the stone, make artistic designs and bury their dead with such sophisticated ritualistic care.

I know very little about archeology but I have no doubts that if you visit Ireland you will enjoy as much as I did, seeing such amazing sites.

 

The Many Ways of Learning

It was 1979; more than 30 years ago, that I started what later would be called the “Nature Under Stress” program. Today I still continue to support the same idea, learning through experience, though a number of programs that embrace the same ideas of my first program “Nature Under Stress”.

I grow up with the old theory of teaching, from a podium and in a classroom of four walls where lectures and learning were based on a text book. No free dreams, no personal experience, no interchange of ideas, no hand on approach, and all based on that the teacher is the gods that knows it all and the student is quiet and memorize the lesson to later spit it out on a test.

Nature under stress was based on giving the opportunity to students to learn from an experience,  and provide these students with a platform -where we could talk about what we saw, what we learned on our own by poking around in nature-. Later on we called that inquiry and hands on, but in 1979 I called it “Learn on your own”.

“Nature Under Stress” was simple. My students, most of them from the inner city, came on a bus to my park. Their councilors were already tired from the heat and the noise on the bus and with no intention of doing anything for the kids. The kids were all woundup and ready to explode after spending one hour sitting on a bus. My park was a shore park in the Long Island Sound with more than enough nature to keep anyone busy. I would take them out of the bus, and then I told them to “follow me”. At that moment I started to run as fast as I could in the direction of the salt marsh and wilderness and the kids would follow, not their councilors. Ten minutes later, the kids were in my game, far from civilization, surrounded by nature, with no chance of turning back and at my mercy. I took them out of their environment and put them on mine.

After jumping over mosquito ditches, walking knee deep on mud, sweaty and out of breath, I asked them to hold hand and then I entered in the shallow waters in the back marsh. Slowly they discovered nature; they saw crabs, fish, big and small, worms, and shrimp and became interested in what they were seeing. Their inner-city inhibitions were gone and their most intimate human nature was turned on,  watching “nature under stress”.

Throughout the day and after they spent hours on a discovery trip of their own, they opened their eyes to realizing that they were learning from an experience and that I was nothing more than a guide. There were so many questions to ask, there was so much to see and admire. They were not frightened anymore, they had learned that there was nothing to be afraid off but their own unfounded ghosts fed by lack of understanding and ignorance. They were also stuck with me not knowing how to get away.

There is a difference between something you learn by reading or by a teacher that tells you and something you learn by having an experience. A sentence, when you think about it is nothing but a phrase made out of words that have a meaning, a story, content but no substance. An experience is part of your life, something you have had a physical interaction with and that has provided you with part of the world around you, a part that you own. Real inquire only start here.

Later in life I started other programs based on the same idea. SEARCH, State of the Sound, Summer SEARCH, Project Periphyton and other programs were based on providing high school students the opportunity to interact with nature by doing research or monitoring and at the same time learn from the results. How many times did I ask the teachers to skip the lectures before the trip? Do not teach them until they ask for it! Let’s wait until they have a question so that they really absorb the lesson.

Students do not need to know that they are learning, because in reality we are all learning every day and at every moment. The key is to separate the students from their everyday life and surround them by the experience. You and the student, no one else, so that the experience becomes special, mystical, just like a fantasy, a fairy tale. Learning is beautiful. Sit with the student, give them a dissolved oxygen kit and show them how it works and then tell them to discover how dissolved oxygen makes a difference in the life of so many aquatic organisms in this stream. What are the results next to the rocks? How about at the center of the stream? Go check it out! And at the end tell me the story. You can invite more than one student to play together. To think how they should do this. Do not give them the answer. This is their game, and they need to think how they should play it. Testing methods is part of the learning experience. Do the same by testing pH, Alkalinity or collecting macroinvetrerates or Diatoms.

This is the order of the best learning. Discover – inquiry – more discovery – list of questions – maybe more discovery – WEB searches – Story telling. No teaching, to textbooks, no lab book or report no school walls, no test. To make learning happen you need to take the students out of their world of their problems, their friends, and their iPhone and immerse them on an adventure. You are not just a teacher but a magic act, a guide.

 

 

 

 

Measuring your Environmental Education Effort

 

Measuring your Environmental Education Effort

 

It may be statistically meaningful to talk about the number of students exposed to Environmental Education, but it is educationally meaningless.

The real unit is NOT the number of students but the total number of contact hours for the total number of students. That is the total number of students multiplied by the number of hours each student has been exposed to this class. This index can help to evaluate the program.

 

The main objective of this paper is to provide you with a measuring tool regarding exposure to the subject and length of program.

A conscientious Environmental Education Program should include, pre-classes, field trips, data collection, post- classes and the production of a final project report.

 

One of the most important issues discussed by environmental educators these days is the question of doing short-term vs. long-term programming. Is it really worth our effort doing one-time programs that last only one hour?

 

Now, and for the last twenty years, I have refused to do “one-shot” deals. By this I mean small programs that last no more that 60 or maybe 90 minute in a classroom or in the field, for no more that 30 students. All my programs are designed to provide students with multiple exposures. I really do not think that the goals and objectives that I pursue in environmental education can be reached in a short time.

 

In order to explore this question, we need to question ourselves about the goals and objectives of Environmental Education. The EPA states the following in their website:

Environmental education (EE) increases public awareness and knowledge of environmental issues and challenges. Through EE, people gain an understanding of how their individual actions affect the environment, acquire skills that they can use to weigh various sides of issues, and become better equipped to make informed decisions. EE also gives people a deeper understanding of the environment, inspiring them to take personal responsibility for its preservation and restoration. UNESCO/UNEP (1978)

The definition of Environmental Education according to the United Nations Environmental, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 1975 states:

 

 The goal of environmental education is to develop a world population that is aware of, and concerned about, the environment and its associated problems, and which has the knowledge, skills, attitudes, motivations, and commitment to work individually and collectively toward solutions of current problems and the prevention of new ones. United Nations Environmental, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 1975

 

 

Can we accomplish these objectives in one hour? It is possible that our cumulative effort may prove to be successful in carrying out these objectives. It is clear that today’s school children are influenced by a number of inputs and sources (some good and some bad) that may affect their actions in the environmental area. Television for one has done a great job of educating students with a large number of very well produced programs on natural history and exploring environmental issues such as Science Explorer, The Animal Channel and National Geographic. Most textbooks these days have been designed to teach many subjects from an environmental point of view. In addition environmental issues are included in our everyday life in politics, in the newspaper and TV news and in many of our daily discussions. But on the other hand, television news provides less than desirable short bursts of environmental news that lack depth and accuracy in many cases.

 

In addition to the issues stated above, we also need to explore the realistic economic reasons why most nature centers can only provide student groups with a one or maybe two-hour programs. Schools often could not pay for several programs and afford the bussing required to bring the students to the environmental centers. There is a cost of the program for each child and the cost of substitute teachers and teacher aids.

 

In December 1996, the National Environmental Education Advisory Council submitted its first report to Congress on environmental education. The report made a number of policy recommendations. One of these recommendations was to develop measuring tools to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental education.

 

Develop a framework and tools for measuring the effectiveness of environmental education.

 

Quality environmental education initiatives are well understood to have catalyzed changes in individuals’ environmental knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors. Assessment is needed to document these outcomes. These outcomes, in turn, point to which programs, products, and services are working – and why.

The long-term goals of environmental education are to raise the level of environmental literacy among Americans today and to ensure the environmental literacy of each successive generation in order to improve environmental and health protection and economic prosperity. Although it is unrealistic to expect any single environmental education program to achieve these long-term goals, it is possible to measure the short-term outcomes of a program (such as skill development, knowledge gains, attitude changes, and the intent to change behavior) as well as the intermediate outcomes (such as actual changes in behavior related to practices, decisions, policies, and social actions).

Evaluation guidelines must be developed and tools must be disseminated to ensure that measurement takes place and is conducted consistently. In this way, outcomes of individual initiatives can be appropriately measured and can contribute to a cumulative body of results that point to the long-term goals of environmental education – environmental literacy and quality of life.

Comprehensive, long-term evaluation should include both quantitative and qualitative assessment strategies to provide an in-depth understanding of the effectiveness of environmental education programs for adults as well as for youth.

 

 

Measuring knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors may not be an easy task. Knowledge and skills can be measured by providing the students with a pre and a post- test. Attitudes and behavior are much more difficult to test as these characteristics are a reflex ion of the student’s day-to-day actions.

 

I have often used pre-tests to assess the knowledge and skills of students. In most cases I am able to assess how much they do not know but that is often a waste of time. Post-test are essential if we want to know how successful we were in our class. On most cases hand-on and task oriented environmental education classes where students produce a product can be interchanged with the pos-test. As a matter of fact, if one works with students on a long-term project, the production of the product will always be much more intensive and a better indicator than any post-test we can give the students.

 

The quality of our programs is dependent on a number of things. Apart from the quality of the teacher doing the job, which can not be easily measured, there are number of facts that influence each program:

 

Ø  The number of students in the class.

Ø  The aid provided by the schoolteacher.

Ø  The location where the program is conducted.

Ø  The resources used to teach.

Ø  The ability of providing a hands-on program.

Ø  The children’s behavior.

Ø  The time used to explore the subject or length of the program.

Ø  The pre- and post- class materials used, including tests teaching aids and more.

 

 

You can fill an auditorium with one thousand people, stand in front of the microphone and spend the next ten minutes talking about the great importance of a sustainable environment, but you can be sure that a few hours later these people will not even remember who you were or what you were talking about. Only a few exceptional people such as Jane Godley or E. Wilson can in ten minutes make an impression on a thousand.

 

A regular teacher needs to use a very different approach, one that will provide the students with lesson that will nurture the students’ interest and comprehension of issues, and encourage a sense of ownership and stewardship of the environment.

 

Here in Connecticut, and for a number of years, we have provided high schools with a water quality program called the SEARCH program. Teachers are trained once, during the summer, to participate in the program. In many cases we have provided teachers with equipment and other resources so that they will be able to complete the program.

Students are introduced to mapping, water chemistry, aquatic entomology, mathematic matrices, and other analytical methods, data analyses, use of computers to write papers and use of spread sheets, and we also provide them with a forum at the end of the year to present their conclusions. Teachers can provide the data to our agency and we also have set up quality control protocols to evaluate the quality of the data. Students enrolled in the program spend more than two weeks working on the project. In some cases, some of the schools complete several field visits, and collect a considerable amount of data.

 

In January 1999, Dr. Todd W. Rofuth and Dr. Sue Holloway submitted a five year final evaluation report were they found significant behavioral changes in students due to their participation in the SEARCH program.

 

Several summers ago I completed a new program with the SOUND SCHOOL in Hew Haven, Connecticut. During the two-week program fifteen 9^th grade students completed lectures and classes on primary and secondary productivity. They took a boat and collected five sets of samples in the sound at three different locations within the New Haven Harbor and tested the samples for chlorophyll a and a vast array of parameters such as Dissolved Oxygen, nitrates, phosphates, pH and much more. Two Environmental Science college students helped the students in their tasks and completed a similar study at the university, so that we could compare results.

 

The high school students learned about their town, and evaluated historical changes and the environmental issues of New Haven and its harbor. In addition they became experts in water quality testing and water quality issues. They had a great experience a great time and ended their job with a nice tan.

 

These days I have been involved with two new programs, Project CLEAR and Project Periphyton. Both programs take the students to the field, provide lectures to the teachers and to the students and the information and data collected by the students is provided to several state and federal agencies.

 

Educating students is not a fast and easy job. It requires structure, patience, individualized attention and experiential exposure. Nothing that you or anyone can do in a short time!

 

We can evaluate our programs in total number of contact hours and we can also evaluate the impact of each program to each student in number of contact hours per student.

 

Here is a sample for three different programs:

 

Program	# Students	# Hours	Program evaluation (# students * Hours)	Student impact in contact hours.
New Haven	15	98	1470	6.5
SEARCH	20	35	700	1.75
Nature Center Program *	20	2	40	0.1
Program with field trip Pre and Post Class **	20	9	180	0.45

 

*This would be the classic school field trip to a nature center.

**This would be the same as the Nature Center Program but with added written pre-    and post-lessons for the teacher to use.

 

It is our job to provide education to as many students as possible and funders are always interested in extending the value of the dollar invested on each program, but some times we may be wasting our time. We need to concentrate on our goals and objectives and not in our ability to reach a large number of students. Quality is not the quantity of students; it is what the students learn and how that learning affects their approach to life.

 

The future of the earth and the future of mankind are at stakes here. The importance of quality education should not be a question. Education is not cheap and the thread of such things as “Global Warming” or the disappearance of one species is more expensive.

 

Bibliography

 

1975. Definition of Environmental Education.  United Nations Environmental, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) The world's first intergovernmental conference on environmental education was organized by the United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in cooperation with the U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP) and was convened in Tbilisi, Georgia (USSR) from October 14-26, 1977. UNESCO/UNEP 1978. ‘The Tbilisi Declaration’ , Connect, Vol 3, No. 1, pp 1-8.

 

Hollowway, S., T. W. Rofuth, H. Gruner, and A. Mimo. 1998. Can applied science in environmental monitoring transform science education? The Education Forum. (62)4: 354-362.

 

Mimo, A. 2000. History and Phylosophy of the SEARCH Program. New England Journal of Environmental Education. v. 13, Number 1. 18 – 27.

 

Coyle, K. 2005. What Ten Years of NEETF/ Roper Research and Related Studies Say About Environmental Literacy in the U.S. Environmental Literacy in America. The National Environmental Education & Training Foundation, Washigton, D.C.

PROJECT PERIPHYTON
SEDIMENT SAMPLE REPORT

How to complete this activity and what you can get out of it.



The following paper was developed for teachers and their students to have an example of the type of research that can be completed with the sediment samples obtained at Milford Point. Students can copy some of the laboratory methods or devised new ways to interpret the data. I have also included some optional reading that will help students understand the Long Island Sound Geology and its sedimentation since the last glacier event.

Introduction

Methods and Materials
A sediment sample was taken on 5/4/2011 from Milford Point in Milford, Connecticut to be analyzed for sedimentation rate and diatom content. This sediment was extracted from the muddy shore right in front of the Audubon Coastal Center using a PCV home made sediment core sampler. Latitude and Longitude was 41.17615 and -73.10107.
Sediment samples contain a percentage composition of sand, silt, clay and other organic and mineral components at sedimentation rates through out time.

Based on studied completed by the University of Connecticut, at Every Point by Frank W. Bohlen (personal communications) sedimentation rate in Connecticut shores can be about one centimeter per year. The total core extracted was 35 centimeter in length. So based on that rate the oldest part of the core is about 35 years old.

Sediment sample was taken using a home made core sampler shown on the picture. This PCV pipe contains an inner plastic tube. Core was captured by this tube. Once on the laboratory, the plastic tube was cut and the sample exposed for experimentation.



In this exercise, I wanted to compare the oldest section of the core against the most recent section, so samples were taken from both ends of the core. The one referred as "the top" is the most recent one, sedimentation dated to be from the last 5 years, and the one referred as "the bottom" would be the oldest section of the core that I have estimated to be 35 years old.

Sediment size, silt and clay content, and diatom diversity was assess from both end and the results were analyzed.

Sediment Rate

Sediment analysis
The sediment was assessed for sand vs. silt and clay and particle size content using the same methods recommended by Howard M. Weiss and Michael W. Dorsey on their Project Oceanology teacher manual Investigating The Marine Environment: Source book. 1979. Methods are reproduced in the Project Periphyton Manual.

Diatom Biodiversity
Diatom biodiversity was assessed using the methods recommended by Alberto F. Mimo in my manual "Project Periphyton" 2011. . Methods are reproduced in the Project Periphyton Manual.


Sediment Composition
To asses the sediment composition of the core section, a small piece of core was cut using a knife, dried using a convention oven and weighted to +/- 0.1 grams.
Sediment then separated by using a Mini Sieve set. The Mini-Sieve set comes with 8 sieve sizes. Numbers 230, 170, 120, 80, 60, 45, 35 and 25. Sand particles include any particle that would be retained by anyone of these sieves. Anything smaller that .063 mm would be considered silt or clay.


For our experimentation I only used sieves number 25, 35, 45 and 60 corresponding to particle size .71 mm, .5 mm. , .355 mm. and .25 mm. Smaller sieves are impractical to use, so anything that pass through my smaller filter was consider < .25 mm. Water was used to force particles through the filters. At the end all particles captured were dried and weighted. Two samples were selected, one from the top of the core, corresponding to new sediments and one from the bottom of the core corresponding to about 35 years ago. Results Sediment dry weight and percentage 35 years old T W Size 25 Size 35 Size 45 Size 60 Size >60
Weight (gr.) 16.6 2.1 1.7 2.1 2.3 8.4
% 12.6506 10.24096 12.6506 13.85542 50.60241
New Sample 11.9 1.1 1.4 1 2.9 5.5
% 9.243697 11.76471 8.403361 24.36975 46.21849

See Graph.


Conclusions
During the last 35 years there has been very little change in the sediment composition left on the shore of Milford Point. Composition of sediment sizes are very similar. During that time, the most significant change has been on sediment size corresponding to .25 mm. in size with a negative change of 10.51 percent. Small particle size of < .25 mm which includes some sand, sit and clay have a positive change of 4.39 percent during the last 35 years. See graph.



Science Education is not about answers but about questions. Our objective is to provide students with materials that will bring up their interest and curiosity. In this sedimentation rate exercise we know that there has been sedimentation changes through the 35 years. The questions are why and how this changes have affected the shore and the environment. Our job now will be to ask the students to come up with theories based of additional readings that can answer some of their questions. I have included some materials that will help students have a better understanding of sedimentation in the Long Island Sound.

Literature Reviews

Frank W. Bohlen. Phd. MIT Woods Hole
University of Connecticut, Avery Point Campus, Groton, CT.
From his website:
My research program is designed to increase our understanding of the dynamics governing the transport of fine-grained sediments in coastal and estuarine waters. In broad outline, this program consists of three principal components: field and laboratory experimental studies, instrument design and development, and numerical computer modeling. The field and laboratory investigations seek primarily to document the response of the sediment-water interface to both long-term persistent and short-term aperiodic, storm related factors. Many of the instrument systems required to obtain these observations have been designed and constructed at the University of Connecticut. Data provided by the deployment of these arrays in a variety of coastal environments has shown the interfacial response to be highly non-linear and significantly variable in both space and time. Such variability complicates specification of transport algorithms in numerical predictive models. Ongoing work seeks to extend and refine these observations to permit resolution of the specific factors governing transport non-linearities including consideration of biologically mediated variations in sediment fabric, particulate associated alterations in boundary shear stress, and advective effects associated with variations in the local flow field.
The experimental work will require continuing redesign and modification of the available instrument arrays. Existing optical systems, presently used to monitor suspended material concentrations, are to be improved and supplemented by a variety of acoustic systems in order to increase both spatial and temporal resolution. In addition, the field arrays are to be supplemented by a series of sensors intended to detail the fabric of the sediment column in the immediate vicinity of the sediment-water interface. A number of systems are to be tested including radioactive probes, acoustic and electromagnetic systems and simple mechanical probes with ultimate selection based on simplicity of operation and reliability and the potential to yield vertical resolution over scales of 1 mm or less.Patterns of recruitment, abundance and dominance within several subtidal communities in southern New England have been found to persist year after year over large areas of the bottom. This long-term persistence is not expected in such an open system with disturbances continually creating open patches for recruiting larvae whose identity and abundances change both temporally and spatially. Present research suggests that the persistence results from strong local control of recruitment that overrides any variability in larval production and dispersal of species from outside a site. We have been testing this hypothesis by conducting manipulative field experiments which delineate abiotic and biotic controls of local recruitment and how these affect community establishment and development.The variety of experimental work is being complemented by concurrent continuing development of a series of numerical models intended to incorporate the laboratory and field data for calibration purposes and to permit the extension of these data in space and time for predictive purposes.
Publications
Fredette, T.J., W.F. Bohlen and D.C. Rhoads. 1988. Erosion and resuspension effects of Hurricane Gloria at Long Island Sound dredged material disposal sites. Proc. Of Water Quality 1988. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydraulic Engineering Center, Davis, CA. Fenster, M.S., D.M. Fitzgerald, W.F. Bohlen, R.S. Lewis and C.T. Baldwin. 1990. Stability of giant sand waves in eastern Long Island Sound. U.S.A. Marine Geol. 91: 207-225.Bohlen, W.F. 1990. Ocean disposal of particulate wastes: practices, properties and processes. In: K.R. Demars and R.C. Cheney (eds.). Geotechnical Aspects Of Ocean Waste Disposal. Amer. Soc. for Testing and Materials, Spec. Pub.Bohlen, W.F., D.R. Cohen and M.M. Howard-Strobel. 1992. An Investigation of Sedimentation Induced by Gas Pipeline Laying Operations in the Vicinity of the Oyster Bed Lease Areas, Milford, CT. Prepared for Iroquois Gas Transmission System. Shelton, CT. 40 pp. & Figs.Bohlen, W.F., D.R. Cohen and M.M. Howard-Strobel. 1992. An Investigation of Water Column Currents and Suspended Sediment Dispersion Associated with Dredged Material Disposal Operations, Cornfield Shoals Disposal Site, Eastern Long Island Sound. Prepared for Science Applications international Corporation. Newport, RI. 49 pp. & Figs.Lissner, A., C. Phillips, E. Waddell, P. Hamilton, A. Barnett, D. Diener, P. Raimondi and W.F. Bohlen. 1995. Monitoring Assessment of Long-term Changes in Biological Communities in the Santa Maria Basin: Phase III. Report submitted to US Department of Interior Minerals Management Service/National Biological Service. Cont. No. 14-35-0001-30584.Bohlen, W.F., M.M. Howard-Strobel, D.R. Cohen and E.T. Morton. 1996. An Investigation of the Dispersion of the Sediments Resuspended by Dredging Operations in New Haven Harbor. Submitted to New England Division, US Army Corps of Engineers. Waltham, MA.


Charles W Ellis
Marine Sedimentary Environmnets in the Vicinity of the Norwalk Islands, CT. 1962
State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut, 1962. Bulletin Number 94.

S. Jeffress Williams
Geological Framework Data from Long Island Sound, 1981-1990
USGS Digital Data Release, U.S Geological Suvey Open-File Report 02-002


Diatom Diversity

Diatom Analysis

I have compared the diatom composition of both sides of the core, the newest end probably no more than 5 years old and the bottom of the core which we presume to be 35 years old.
Small piece of sediment was taken using a spatula and dissolved in a small amount of water. This sediment can be clean using paleontology methods, but for the purpose of this exercise, I have just look at the sediment with a compound microscope at X400 magnification and sometimes at x1000.


Sample diatom

Diatoms are covered with silica and they are practically indestructible, so one can find diatoms on the sample. I have placed a small drop of sediment/water on a regular microscope slide and pan through the slide in search for diatoms. When I have found a diatom I have made a drawing of the specimen and take a picture with my microscope camera. Pictures are not necessary. My objective was to find as many different diatoms as possible. I am not looking at the abundance, just at the diversity. I also have compared the diatoms to pictures found in several diatom keys and identified the organisms as much as it was possible.

Results

I was able to identify a total of 9 different taxa from the bottom of the core, the old sediment, and 13 different taxa from the new sediment. There was higher diversity and much more abundance of organism in my new sediment.
Here are some of the picture I took.


Cyclotela

Closterium

Stauroneis

Correct identification of Diatoms is very difficult. But trying is a great exercise and will provide your students with a challenge.
Diatom diversity will be a direct outcome of a better and less polluted environment. Thirty five years ago would have been somwhere in 1975, the very beginning of the environmental movement and the establishment of the Clean Water Act. I can see that we may have had some improvement over this past 35 years that would be reflected on our samples.

Additional Reading from websites

http://www.epa.gov/regulations/laws/cwa.html
http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/wacademy/acad2000/cwa/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom
http://www.globalissues.org/

The Diatoms: Biology and Morphology of the General F. E Round. Cambrige University Press.

Monitoring Coastal Environments Using Foraminifera and Thecamoebia Indicators. David B. Scott, Franco S. Medioli and Charles T. Schafer. Cambridge University Press.

The Ecology of Fresh Water Phytoplankton. C.S Reynolds. Cambridge University Press.